Research methods Essay - 1402 Words

Research method To gain my secondary information I used such sources as the Internet, books and midwifery journals. My secondary information will consist of the benefits of breast-feeding for the mother and baby, the benefits of bottle-feeding for the mother and baby as well as statistics on breast-feeding. All information that I have gained for my secondary data is all reliable, because it has come from recommended sites, books and journals that have been approved from the Government or from hospitals and doctors themselves. There are many research methods used to gain information, but it is important to use the right one to ensure that you get the best results possible. One method that is used is experiment; this is where you play an†¦show more content†¦The disadvantages are that it can be very time consuming, there is a possibility of you getting too involved and losing your objective and that your findings may not be generalised because you are only watching a selected few. The main reason I did not chose this as my research method is, because I would not be allowed to be actively involved in a mother breast-feeding her child. A structured interview is where you interview a person and ask set questions to them. The advantages are it can be replicated easily with different people, because you have set questions, the questions can be explained and the answer can be recorded. The disadvantages are the interviewees may lie, the answers can lack depth and the choice of answers can be limited. I chose not to do a structured interview because it is a small sample of answers and it is possible that my social characteristics may influence the interviewees’ answers. This is because I wish to prove my hypothesis I may have an some of my characteristics may show that, such as the way I speak or look at them when asking a question. This would leave my results as unreliable because I personal effected them. Another method of researching is an unstructured interview, which is where an interview is conducted on the topic area and it has no set questions. The advantages are the topic is explored in depth, you are able to exploreShow MoreRelatedResearch Methods And Methods Of Research975 Words   |  4 PagesStudying research method was not a new experience since I have studied about it in my under graduate school. In comparison from the previous one I had, ULMS 515 Applied Research Methods Module has enhanced my understanding about how to conduct a research in an appropriate way to be implemented in the real world setting. I learned to appreciate the nature of research and the research process in academic and practical contexts. This module also enables me to develop my understanding in the differencesRead MoreResearch Methods For A Research Method1925 Words   |  8 PagesResearch methods assignment LQXIH1 This assignment will be comparing and contrasting two journal article’s, with a focus upon the research methods used. It will begin by summerising the main findings and key arguments of both articles. Followed by identifying the research methods used, whilst comparing and contrasting their strengths and limitations. It will then move onto looking at how the methodological limitations of each study may be overcome. To conclude this essay a reflection shall be carriedRead MoreResearch Methods4920 Words   |  20 PagesIntroduction of research and research methods What is research method? As a matter of fact, according to Saundra et al. (2003), the term method in the entire research process or project can be considered as tool or technique which help researcher obtain, collect and analyze data or different types of information. To be more specific, Saundra et al. (2003) point out that in order to fulfill different research projects and objectives, couples of methods have to be properly utilized, in this caseRead MoreResearch Methods1611 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Assignment in Research Methods 1) Overview of various research methods When writing a Research Paper it is important to know different research methods. These methods help to gather and systemize the information and data in order to scientifically prove the validity of the work. Further will be explained ways how to collect the data. Research methods are divided in two big blocks: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative methods are those where results are explained in numbers, whereasRead MoreQualitative Research On Research Methods Essay839 Words   |  4 PagesThis type of research methods involve describing in detail specific situation using research tools like interviews, surveys, and Observations. Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into theRead MoreResearch Methods And Methods Of Interdisciplinary Research Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesof analysis there are three ways in which to think and feel while doing interdisciplinary research. The first is that the knowledge we use that has been previo usly published was done by hard working researchers using sound research methods. Secondly we should acknowledge that not all information is current and we might find research that has been biased in some way. On the other hand, there may be research that is cutting edge and therefore has not been tested sufficiently and may be controversialRead MoreMethods And Methods Of Qualitative Research1057 Words   |  5 PagesMethod Approach Qualitative research is normally recognizable via the use of methods that include, in-depth interviews and group moderation techniques; a particular objective to answer is â€Å"why?† and â€Å"how?† (Bailey, 2014). One of the great benefits of the qualitative research method is that it offers a wide range of approaches that can be used to capture data. In order to ensure credibility, two approaches will be used to conduct this research. The ethnographic approach will be used to understandRead MoreResearch Methodology For Research Methods Essay2303 Words   |  10 PagesSurvey research methods are one of the most widely used research methods in education. This non-experimental, quantitative research design is most often used to gather information about the subject’s attitude, beliefs, opinions, or similar types of information (McMillian Schumacher, 2010). With this method, the researcher selects a sample of subjects and either administers a questionnaire or con ducts interviews to collect data from the subjects. There are several benefits to using surveys in educationalRead More Research Methods1483 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyze of research in averagely can be accounted as an aim for understanding or a systematic study in search of information to shape or accept achievable facts. There are two mainly different ways of research. First, there is the basic research that appears not to go into the study field and the second, way is the applied research that studies given area into the aspect. It applies to resolve, understand and advance the methods and systems that are used in the search for human understanding of abnormalRead MoreEssay on Research Methods1060 Words   |  5 Pages(Zikmund, 2003) states that exploratory research should be used to clarify ambiguous problems. Management may have discovered general problems but research is needed to gain better understanding of the dimensions of the problems. This study aims at exploring and delving into the underlying factors of why organisations struggle to attract and retain talent using the employer brand. The challenges of talent management are well known and are applicable to all players, there is a possibility that

The United States Relations with the Middle East - 2681 Words

The United States was heavily involved in Middle-Eastern affairs during the latter half of the twentieth century. Following the election of President Eisenhower in 1952, the U.S.’s growing fear of Iranian nationalism and the potential spread of communism throughout the Persian Gulf ultimately coaxed U.S. forces into helping the British’ MI6 oust the Iranian Prime Minister, Mohammad Mossadegh, from power. The CIA successfully overthrew Mossadegh and created a power vacuum in the Middle East, in 1953, through Operation Ajax. The U.S. then informally colonized Iran, under Shah Pahlavi’s rule, in order to possess economic and political hegemony over the volatile Persian Gulf. The U.S. effectively transformed the Shah into an autocratic ruler†¦show more content†¦In addition, the Shah’s decision to cede Persian land of great historic and monetary value, to Americans, further intensified Iranians’ xenophobic sentiments. Despite opposition from t he Iranian citizens, the U.S.’s economic dominance over Iran led to the invasion of American culture in Tehran and other major Iranian cities: newly constructed theatres played American films, large neon signs advertising companies such as Pepsi and Coca-Cola were commonly seen in city skylines, and clothing stores with bikinis and other American clothes were commonplace in city boulevards. Many Iranians perceived Americans’ obnoxious showcasing of western culture to be a sign of arrogance and racial superiority. More importantly, they viewed Americans’ culture to be a corrupting force on traditional Iranian life. The Iranian commissary, consisting of a large portion of Americans, imported vast amounts of liquor, cigarettes and cola. The importation of alcohol particularly outraged Iranian Muslims, for Islamic law succinctly proscribed becoming intoxicated. Additionally, in 1970, an American aircraft lifted seventy-nine tons of processed cat and dog food to Teh ran. An impoverished Iranian sardonically claimed, â€Å"the American’s dogs eat better than the average Iranian.† This airlift exemplified the notion that the Shah was more concerned about accommodating his American â€Å"friends† than meeting the dire needs of the Iranian people. The CIA helped establish Pahlavi’sShow MoreRelatedRelations Between The United States And The Middle East2161 Words   |  9 PagesThe relations between the United States and the Middle East has been intricate. Even though there is quite a physical distance between the United States and the Middle East, the United States’ influence spread within this region. Throughout the 20th and 21st century, the Middle East’s relations with other countries, strategic interests, and military standings have provoked U.S. involvement. These interventions have ranged from diplomatic actions to more drastic physical military involvement. TheRead MoreIr The United States And The Second And Second Order Effects1096 Words   |  5 PagesIran has an elected president, Hassan Rouhani, the supreme leader/ayatollah controls the military, state broadcasting services and the judicial sector. The Islamic Republic of Iran, previously known as Persia, first established diplomatic ties with the United States in 1883. Many people do not understand the importance, significance, and/or second and third order effects of U.S.-Iranian relations, although important. As mentioned in an article by Akhilesh Pillalamarri, â€Å"Iran is uniquely poisedRead MoreEssay On Civil War In The Middle East1567 Words   |  7 PagesMany people have died for the United States. They died for freedom, liberty, and justice. Most American soldiers who died in the past 15 years, died in the Middle East. To reduce the death toll the United States should not involve themselves in the Middle East for three reasons. First, the United States risks the lives of soldiers and civilians in the Midd le East. Moreover, the United States can be targeted by terrorists from the Middle East. In addition, the United States do not have very strong relationshipsRead MoreHistory Of The Middle East1535 Words   |  7 Pages The United States first became involved with the Middle East during World War II. In the 50 years that followed, tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union tightened over political and economic aspirations in the Middle East. Eventually, most of the countries in the Middle East adopted a new idea of government that was based off of extreme Islamic views. When this happened, the United States’ involvement with the Middle East lessened, but they stayed present as they were a prime sourceRead MoreU.s. Relations With Arab Nations Essay1554 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction U.S. relations with countries in the Middle East remain to be a point of great interest due to the geopolitical atmosphere and security. The vast number of resources both in the Middle East and the United States provide a point of common ground to build peaceful relations through trade. International trade is an extremely important tool within the global community as it helps to build relations. In order to aid in building trust with Arab Nations, the United States must rely on moreRead MoreSyrian Civil War Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Middle East. The United States should not be involved in the Middle East for three reasons. The United States are risking the lives of soldiers and civilians in the Middle East. The United States can be targeted by terrorists from the Middle East. The United States does not have very strong relationships in the Middle East. Most conflicts in the Middle East have caused the United States to intervene. This puts many U.S. soldiers and Middle Eastern civilians in danger. In the Middle East thereRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article The Obama Doctrine 1340 Words   |  6 Pagesproblems in the Middle East. In the article Obama outlined two tactics that he has been actively using, throughout his presidency, to shift American resources and focus away from the Middle East. In this paper I will address how two policies have successfully pulled America away from the Middle East and how a key assumption by Obama will ultimately save the United States years of worry. President Obama has continually endorsed that America should not over involve themselves in the Middle East. This isRead MoreForeign Policy And The Middle East Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States has let loose a beast in the middle east that it can no longer control. Stephen Walt, writer for Foreign Policy magazine, takes a critical look at U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East and presents a state level analysis on why he believes American efforts in the region have amounted to a complete failure. Looking through a realists’ eyes, he makes a sober and forceful argument that attempts to explain his reasoning for the U.S. foreign policy breakdown in the Middle East. WaltRead MoreAmerica s Strategic Thinkers Who Think Asia Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagesopinion that â€Å"the US’s strategic thinkers who think Asia is more important than the Middle East, are said to be not understanding the situation of the States in today’s international context, a nd the affections onto its interests. Considering the importance of the Middle East to Asia will be the focus of this paper, in which the writer agreed with the assumption. Moreover, there will be reasons why the Middle East is ‘still’ more important than Asia, along with comparison for each. And by the endRead MoreThe Aftermath Of World War II1562 Words   |  7 Pagesoften referred to as one of the primary creators of deep rooted turmoil in the Middle East region, the effects of the Cold War and the United States often over-zealous battle against communism is just as much a contributor if not more. The Arab world and the Middle East region were clearly going through quite an extraordinary period throughout World War II and its conclusion, primarily with the creation of most of the states we recognize today and struggling with the continuation of colonialism. These

Pharmaceutical Medicine

Question: Describe about the Pharmaceutical Medicine? Answer: Introduction: The medicine is required for treating any patients suffering from illness and improving their health quality. The medicines are developed after thorough research by the physician or others with a view that medicines can be circulated to large areas and people can avail it for better health structure. This is a methodology to find out a solution of an illness by inventing new chemical moiety. Drug is a chemical substance which exert effects when binds with the receptor. Medicine is a chemical substance which binds with receptors and relieved humans from there changing physico-chemical conditions. The particular study will be focusing on having clear understanding of pharmaceutical medicine and its aims. Further, the study will concentrate on drug discovery process. Pharmaceutical Medicine Pharmaceutical medicine is regarded as a medical scientific discipline which is involved in the discovery, development, evaluation and registration of medicines. On the other hand, it is also concerned with the monitoring and medical facets of marketing of drugs and medicine for the improvement in the health of patients or community health. Moreover, development of a new medicine and making the medicines available for the patients or public is an international endeavour. Further, it has been discussed that careers in the field of pharmaceutical medicine comprises three major groups of professionals such as: The people that are working in pharmaceutical industries People that are working in independent research organisations and are dedicated towards the development of new drugs or medicines. The people that has an appointments within the regulatory agencies of medicine. Aim of Pharmaceutical Medicine Improving the health condition of the people is prime duty of the medical professionals or physician. Therefore, the major aim of the Pharmaceutical Medicine is to discover, develop, evaluate, analyse and monitor so that effective medicine can be developed and supplied to the people. Integrated Drug Discovery and Development Integrated Drug Discovery and Development is a broad spectrum which concentrates on effective medicine development so that health status of the people can be enhanced and the developed medicine can target the specific disease and eliminate it. Therefore, drug discovery and development requires thorough research and study so that the medicines can provide long term benefit. Thus, the following requirements are needed for integrated drug discovery and development: Critical Chemical or structural research comprises exploration of genetic basis of syndrome or microstructure of an enzyme site or a receptor. Moreover, it is concerned in the development of tailored molecules so that potential therapeutic outcomes or specific interactions can be provided. Further, the research and development of preclinical engaged in studying the causes behind the diseases and also the value of the new therapeutic agents and potential safety by implementing biological system involving animal model. In the next part, humans are used for the purpose of clinical development. Therefore, in such case both type of humans are involved a healthy one and a person having disease in order to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of new drug. On the other hand, the regulatory and societal development makes sure that whole development of the new drug matches with the need in order to meet with the requirements of government. Moreover, the development ensures that suitable value added elements over and above the normal figure of safety and effectives are incorporated into the database of the product. The elements can comprise cost benefit, life quality, relative competitive positioning and evidence based medicine. Lastly, the approval of post market medical affairs include the promotion of every product by adopting functions of marketing and sales and effective monitoring of process by pharmaceutical physicians. Methods of Drug Development: The total Drug Development Process is divided into some phases stated below. Target Selection This is a process where the ailment has been identified and then a replica has been developed. Investigator first chooses a target which may be a particular enzyme or a receptor or an ion channel which is suitable to treat the disease. Target Validation In this phase the importance of the new moiety has been established for that particular illness. Lead Selection This is a stage where the thousand of chemical moieties are undergoes High Throughput Screening (HTS). From thousand of options the best receptor specific molecules are selected. HTS is a 40 years old lead selection instrument. Its having highly assessment power which easily judged the binding and non binding capacity of a lead. Ultimately the leads have been sorted out and they are known as Hits. HTS helps to estimate the chemical, biological and physical properties of the Hits. Drug Optimization Hits are chemically customized and the best suitable options are then pharmacologically distinguished. This helps to find the chemical moiety with appropriate pharmacodynamic as well as pharmacokinetic property. Pre Clinical testing This is an assay procedure where biochemicals as well as pharmacological parameters are checked. Both in vitro (outside the living being) and in vivo (Inside the living being) methods are used to assay the leads and which will leads to find out the proper chemical moiety. Toxic effects and adverse drug reaction is also measured in this phase because this is the last phase of a drug development before trying in human beings. Clinical Trials This is a phase where the drugs are given to the human beings and measure the safety and efficacy profile of the newer drugs. Evaluation of the potentiality of the newer drug in humans has been made through clinical trials. The total procedure has been conducted in 4 phases and now another phase (Phase 0) has been added. Every phase has their own significance and own outcomes. Depending upon the outcomes of the phases a drug or medicine has been approved by FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Phases of Clinical Trials: There are mainly 4 phases and now a days another phase has been added. The Phases are respectively Phase 0, Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3 and Phase 4. In Phase 0, subjects should be 10 to 15 and a single sub healing micro dosing has been given to the subjects to gather preliminary ADME data. Phase 1 is a preliminary pharmacological activity screening phase where 70% drugs get approval to go to the next stage. Number of subjects taken are 20 to 80 with a 3 to 6 months duration. Phase 2 is the starting phase to check efficiency of the molecule with therapeutic dose reaction factors. 100 to 300 Patients are taken and the duration of the phase is up to 1 year. Phase 3 this is the final phase of a drug before pharmaceutical marketing and this is the phase where adverse drug effects has been checked and monitored also compare with current remedies and all the documents has been submitted to FDA for approval. Only 20% to 25% drugs are approved for phase 4 trial. The s ubjects needed for phase 3 is 1000 to 5000and the duration is for 1 to 5 years. Phase 4 is a post promotion phase where the effectiveness and ADR in general population has been observed and any kind of serious ADR leads to Drug Withdrawal from the market. Core works of Clinical Trials: The main works of this trials are engage individual subjects and creates a organize group to conduct studies. Maintain the time is very important with proper monitoring on side effects of the chemical entity. Evaluation of the technical data is very important. Also the preparation of documents based on the guidelines of ethical committee is very important for approval. Conclusion of the Study: From the whole study, it can be concluded that the study revolved around the pharmaceutical medicine. The pharmaceutical medicine has been explained and its purpose has been mentioned which is useful in developing a new drugs or medicine. Therefore, it helps in providing large benefit to the patients or to the public health. Furthermore, the integrated drug discovery and development has been outlined which explains the different required which needed for drug or medicine development. This is the study which helps to conclude that the newer chemical entity is ethically sounded and this will help humans to get rid of from a disease. References 1. Mumper R, Smith C, O'Donnell J. The Process of New Drug Discovery and Development, 2nd Edition. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2008;34(11):1267-1267.2. Physico-Chemical Methods in Drug Discovery and Development. Chemistry International -- Newsmagazine for IUPAC. 2012;34(3).3. Lin B, Pease J. A Novel Method for High Throughput Lipophilicity Determination by Microscale Shake Flask and Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Combinatorial Chemistry High Throughput Screening. 2013;16(10):817-825.4. Developing new drugs. Veterinary Record. 2014;174(20):488-488.5. Scheele. AMT: Preclinical pharmacology studies. International Journal of Oncology. 2009;.6. Chakraborty S, Yadav L, Aggarwal D. Prediction of in vivo drug performance using in vitro dissolution coupled with STELLA: a study with selected drug products. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2014;:1-7.7. Sedgwick P. Phases of clinical trials. BMJ. 2011;343(sep28 1):d6068-d6068.8. Williamson P, Altman D, Bl azeby J, Clarke M, Devane D, Gargon E et al. Developing core outcome sets for clinical trials: issues to consider. Trials. 2012;13(1):132.9. RASMUSSEN L, GISVOLD S, WISBORG T. Ethics Committee approval for observational studies. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2014;58(9):1047-1048.