Communication Process Essay Example for Free

Communication Process Essay 1. Briefly describe the misunderstanding, including the setting and the people involved. At my recent job that I was working a situation came about, I was helping my director file some bills with personal information. Well she did not make it clear that each bill went into a certain folder, which made my job a lot difficult and ending up me having to do the whole process over again, when I had to do another project that my other Director had told me to finish up within that day. 2. Complete the following table with information from your described misunderstanding. |Question |Answer | |Who was the sender? |My Director | |Who was the receiver? |Myself | |What was the message? |File these documents | |What channel was used to send the message? |Sound and light waves | |What was the misunderstanding? |How to file the documents | |How could you have avoided the misunderstanding? |It could have been avoided if my director would have told me the correct | | |way to file them instead of me trying to figure out how to file the | | |documents. 3. The perception model in Ch. 2 of Communicating in the Workplace shows that prior knowledge and experiences combine with your psychological state to shape your subjective reality. What was your perception going into the situation? How did your perception of the misunderstanding affect the communication process? My perception of the situation was that there really was not correct way into filing the documents, all she wanted was for them to be filed. It affected the misunderstanding and how the communication process went through my mind was that she should have told me how to correctly do it the proper way, instead of just telling me to finish filing. I just thought that she wanted them out of the way and into the filing cabinet. 4. After reflecting on your misunderstanding and analyzing it with what you have learned this week, what did you learn about the communication process? I have learned that there are a lot of ways in communicating and that when someone tells another person to do something, then that person is listening and taking in information differently, to ask questions when told to do something if you do not understand what that person is wanting from you. The reason why I say this is because not every person is going to be the same, as it stated in the example of the model in Ch. 2 of Communicating in the Workplace, A hog could be a pig but really the person was referring to a motorcycle. For another instance when someone is telling another person to do something, that person receives the message but might take it another way because of how that person encodes the information, that is why it is important to respond back to the person and making a clear understanding of what that person is wanting. I would not want to risk someone else’s life it I did not understand the information correctly because that will affect my job on the line as well. Reference Cheesebro, T., O’Connor, L., Rios, F. (2010). Communicating in the workplace. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner :: essays research papers

In Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, the author uses the story of a sailor and his adventures to reveal aspects of life. This tale follows the Mariner and his crew as they travel between the equator and the south pole, and then back to England. The author's use of symbolism lends the work to adults as a complex web of representation, rather than a children's book about a sailor.First, in the poem, the ship symbolizes the body of man. The ship experiences trials and tribulations just as a real person does. Its carrying the Mariner (symbolizing the individual soul) and crew shows that Coleridge saw the body as a mere vessel of the soul. This symbol of a boat is an especially powerful one, because one steers a ship to an extent, yet its fate lies in the hands of the winds and currents.Secondly, the albatross symbolizes Christ. Just as the Mariner senselessly slays the bird, man crucifies Christ whose perfection is unchallenged. Even though Christ represent s mankind's one chance at achieving Heaven, man continues to persecute Him. The albatross symbolizes the sailors' one chance at deliverance from icy death and the Mariner shoots him.Thirdly, the South Pole symbolizes Hell. No visible wind blows the unfortunate crew toward the South Pole. Rather, an unseen force pulls them there. Such is the case when the world's temptations lure one to Hell. Just as the sailors approach far to close to this icy purgatory, their Redeemer, the albatross, or at least his spirit, leads them safely back in the right direction.Fourthly, in the poem England symbolizes Heaven. When the Mariner first sees his country, a great sense of hope and joy overcome him. At the point when the Mariner is about to enter Heaven, the body, symbolized by the ship, must die.

Hamlet the Passive Intellect

The actions and events in Shakespeare’s Hamlet revolve around Hamlet’s inactivity. Without Hamlet's hesitation, constant thought, and internal deliberation, the plot would proceed directly from Hamlet’s meeting with the Ghost to his murder of Claudius. Hamlet’s philosophical strifeheightens the complexity of his life issues and intensifies the depth of his dilemma. Hamlet’s over-intellectualization coupled with his passive tendencies paralyzes his ability to act, locking him in an inescapable prison of his own inner consciousness. Hamlet's over-intellectualization begins with his questioning of the ghost's identity. When first told by Horatio that the ghost of his father haunts the battlements, Hamlet interrogates him obsessively to obtain every relevant detail to satisfy his intellectual curiosity. He  fires  a volley of questions at Horatio, ranging from whether his countenance is â€Å"pale or red† to how long it â€Å"fixed eyes upon [Horatio]† (1. 2. 250). His desire to dispel uncertainty and further his knowledge escalates in the physical encounter with the ghost. Rather than accepting his vision for granted, Hamlet examines the validity of his perceptions by debating whether the ghost of â€Å"a questionable shape† is â€Å"wicked or charitable† (1. . 45-46). Hamlet initially pronounces to the ghost that he will â€Å"wipe away all trivial, fond records, all saw of books, all forms, all pressures past, that youth and observation copied there,† declaring his resolution to act (1. 4. 108). However, when he reconvenes with his friends, he entreats them â€Å"never make known what you have seen tonight† (1. 5. 160). Instead of seeking for an immediate collective action to avenge his father’s â€Å"unnatural murder,† he chooses to prolong the process to devise an elaborate scheme within his own mind. He forestalls action—be it his friends’ or his own—to contemplate the implications of his experience. He concludes by cursing the fact that he â€Å"was born to set it right†Ã‚  Ã‚  (1. 5. 211). The ghost’s revelation places him in a position where he must be the agent of action, whose filial responsibility is to affect justice and kill Claudius. Hamlet’s dilemma, then, stems from the need to become an avenging son while being a naturally passive intellectual. Hamlet addresses his dilemma in greater depth by engaging in a rigorous, intellectual process, which ironically perpetuates the vicious cycle of inactivity. In his conversation with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, he confesses, â€Å"thinking makes it so. To me it is a prison† (2. 2. 270). Hamlet finds himself imprisoned by his intellect, as he â€Å"must like a whore unpack [his] heart with words† (2. 2. 614). He cannot act by heart because he is bound to â€Å"unpack† his actions with reason first. He berates himself as â€Å"a rogue and peasant slave† and â€Å"John-a-dream, unpregnant of my cause, and can say nothing† (2. 2. 576-595). Hamlet recognizes that he is not taking any decisive action to dutifully avenge his father’s death in staying within his comfort zone of intellectualism. As he articulates and explores his conflict of conscience, he concludes, â€Å"Thus conscience does make cowards of us all and thus the native hue of resolution is sicklied o’er with the pale cast of thought, and enterprises of great pitch and moment†¦lose the name of action (3. 1. 91-96). Hamlet reaffirms that his constant moralizing and philosophizing stymie the very action he strives for. The inexorable clash between his predisposition for sedentary contemplations and the filial imperative to actively seek revenge results in such strong feelings of self-loathing that he considers â€Å"shuffl[ing] off the mortal coil† (3. . 75). Committing suicide would proactively end his suffering, but he problematizes even that possibility as an unacceptable transgression against â€Å"[God’s]  canon ‘gainst self-slaughter! † (1. 2. 136). Ironically, this very soliloquy devoted to meditating on his passivity epitomizes his inaction; rather than coming u p with pragmatic solutions to end his dilemma, he explores and wallows in self-pity, which in turn exacerbates the intensity of his conundrum. Hamlet is so preoccupied with the enormous intellectual activity in his head that he closes himself off from all action in the external world.

Self Reflection Essay - 1399 Words

As I just came out of our prayer centered worship night my heart cried out. These feelings will soon fade by the time this article actually post, but I feel like I need to reflect on it. I cried for the first time not about my lacking of faith, school, boys, or friendships, but the darkest parts of me that I try so hard to hide. Those demons that I have fought long to fight off, but sometimes they come creeping back. I reflect on the past week and the news of suicide that destroyed my small town.This is something that occurs daily,but when you can actually put a personal relationship to the name it changes things. I think of all the times the Lord pulled me from some dark places and how easily not so long ago those headlines couldve been†¦show more content†¦Boys didnt even recognize me let alone was I allowed to go anywhere without my mom doing personal investigating. This was my first taste of the bitterness of this world. I was so naive when my mom told me about it I thou ght she was accusing me of making up the rumor about the girl not that it was about me.If things couldnt get worse her mom tried to go to get people in my band class to spread it and I watched her attempt it. I remember every time I saw her mom subbing Id have anxiety attacks and felt so broken that a grown adult would think such awful things about me. After that struggle it only caused me to try harder to find real friends because I feel like at that age you go through friends faster than you do milk. I had a few that I was so blessed who stuck around to be real, but at the time in 8th grade everyone I had surrounded myself with found me annoying and talked crap about me behind my back. Yet again worthless the demon in my head would tell me look youre such a loser no one wants to be friends with you. Everyone is just nice to you because they had to be and I believed it. One of the closest people I had in my life at that time was my great grandma. I felt like she was the only one who really cared. Then when she passed away that Thanksgiving I struggled with more depression. I did a great job at acting to everyone I was okay and only telling them bits of my heart, but inside IShow MoreRelatedSelf Reflection Essay984 Words   |  4 PagesNever Over The end of the semester is approaching quickly and you can see â€Å"light at the end of the tunnel.† The final assignment is a self-reflection essay on what you learned during the semester in ENG 111. There were three other essay assignments. The first one was called a literacy narrative, the second one, a single source essay, and the third one, a multi-source essay. But how can I write about things I do not understand? I had never taken an online class before, much less, a class that requiredRead MoreSelf Reflection Essays817 Words   |  4 Pages  on   Self- ­Ã¢â‚¬ Observations   and   Self- ­Ã¢â‚¬    Reflections    Maximum   1000   words   each   term    The   purpose   of   these   three   reports   is   to   demonstrate   how   you   have   used   the   learning   journal   to    develop   your   self- ­Ã¢â‚¬ awareness   from   term   to   term.   (See   Section   11   about   the   Learning   Journal)    Each   report   is   due   at   the   first   class   meeting   after   each   reading   week.    Guidelines:    The   Reports   should   include   your   reflections   about:Read MoreSelf Reflection Essay1722 Words   |  7 PagesSelf Reflection Section I: Introduction My name is Theresa Laquita Williams. I was born in Palatka Florida but I now reside in Zion Illinois with my husband. I am in my second year at the College of Lake County. Upon completion of my Associate of Arts degree I am planning to transfer to a university to get my bachelorette degree in social work. When describing myself I would say that I have a strong love for people of all color. I am very friendly, outgoing, free hearted, creative, and a bigRead MoreSelf Reflection Essay735 Words   |  3 Pagesinfluential though actions alone. I seek to make a difference in the world, to help others. I view a life without the chance to serve other and to make a positive difference in the world as a wasted life. Learning Application The Reflected Best Self-Exercise has certainly transformed how I view my own strengths, but also has transformed how I view strengths in general. For majority of my life, I have believed the actions I take and the effort I put into activities were solely for the purpose ofRead MoreEssay On Self Reflection958 Words   |  4 PagesPractitioners Statement 2 Unrelated Pieces First piece: Blissful soul Once this course had commenced, I came up with the idea of painting a person’s reflection to represent the theme of self-image. Throughout the process of experimenting with different types of paint, I decided to work closely with watercolour as it was a media that I found enjoyable. I aimed for an experience where I developed the knowledge of working with watercolour, which became more realistic through researching the artistsRead MoreEssay On Self Reflection1568 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-Reflection Paper What personal and professional strengths do you have that you can use and build on to create helping relationships with your clients? When I think about what strengths I have that I can bring to the profession here is what comes to mind. I am very compassionate about providing a way for others to positively turn their life around. I truly believe that everyone deserves a chance at a good life and equal opportunities. I have a very big heart so my ability to empathize with myRead MoreSelf Reflection Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesHalf of living is reflecting on what is being lived. I highly agree with this sentence, self-reflecting is difficult. I am working on self-reflecting and how understanding myself will help me understand others. Self-reflecting can affect people in a positive or in a negative way. I have to learn to pull and highlight all the positive aspects of what a self-reflection emerge, with out fixating on the fear or the negative. Most of us are thirsty individuals that want immediate ratification andRead MoreSelf Reflection Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesFinding a Reason to Care: A Self Reflection I think it should be the goal of the teacher to improve the student in at least one way before they finish their class with them. I can say that I have seen improvements in myself while taking this writing course. It is interesting to analyze yourself because sometimes changes can be so gradual that you scarcely notice them happening; it is only when reflecting upon them that you notice a change has even been made. Throughout this class I have seen changesRead MoreSelf Reflection Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pagesthesis is. My writing skills were shown in the essays we wrote in the class, but it was also shown when I was told to sit down and write. When writing without being able to draft, you understand what kind of format, and the more important things that need to be shown. The adventure stories helped with my writing skills by learning how to tell the story, but explaining the point of my story, and what I got out of it. I learned about myself, and my self-direction through the adventure papers. SeeingRead MoreSelf Reflection Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pageswill shed light into a few of my findings. The Wharton Personality Profile identified several traits about myself that helped provide context for my behavior. Between the learnings in class, the report and case study explanation, and a bit of self-reflection, I began to identify myself as a social introvert. This observation in connection with my low emotional reactivity and high agreeableness and conscientiousness helps to explain my drive to facilitate and manage the small group meetings, my inquisitive

Research methods Essay - 1402 Words

Research method To gain my secondary information I used such sources as the Internet, books and midwifery journals. My secondary information will consist of the benefits of breast-feeding for the mother and baby, the benefits of bottle-feeding for the mother and baby as well as statistics on breast-feeding. All information that I have gained for my secondary data is all reliable, because it has come from recommended sites, books and journals that have been approved from the Government or from hospitals and doctors themselves. There are many research methods used to gain information, but it is important to use the right one to ensure that you get the best results possible. One method that is used is experiment; this is where you play an†¦show more content†¦The disadvantages are that it can be very time consuming, there is a possibility of you getting too involved and losing your objective and that your findings may not be generalised because you are only watching a selected few. The main reason I did not chose this as my research method is, because I would not be allowed to be actively involved in a mother breast-feeding her child. A structured interview is where you interview a person and ask set questions to them. The advantages are it can be replicated easily with different people, because you have set questions, the questions can be explained and the answer can be recorded. The disadvantages are the interviewees may lie, the answers can lack depth and the choice of answers can be limited. I chose not to do a structured interview because it is a small sample of answers and it is possible that my social characteristics may influence the interviewees’ answers. This is because I wish to prove my hypothesis I may have an some of my characteristics may show that, such as the way I speak or look at them when asking a question. This would leave my results as unreliable because I personal effected them. Another method of researching is an unstructured interview, which is where an interview is conducted on the topic area and it has no set questions. The advantages are the topic is explored in depth, you are able to exploreShow MoreRelatedResearch Methods And Methods Of Research975 Words   |  4 PagesStudying research method was not a new experience since I have studied about it in my under graduate school. In comparison from the previous one I had, ULMS 515 Applied Research Methods Module has enhanced my understanding about how to conduct a research in an appropriate way to be implemented in the real world setting. I learned to appreciate the nature of research and the research process in academic and practical contexts. This module also enables me to develop my understanding in the differencesRead MoreResearch Methods For A Research Method1925 Words   |  8 PagesResearch methods assignment LQXIH1 This assignment will be comparing and contrasting two journal article’s, with a focus upon the research methods used. It will begin by summerising the main findings and key arguments of both articles. Followed by identifying the research methods used, whilst comparing and contrasting their strengths and limitations. It will then move onto looking at how the methodological limitations of each study may be overcome. To conclude this essay a reflection shall be carriedRead MoreResearch Methods4920 Words   |  20 PagesIntroduction of research and research methods What is research method? As a matter of fact, according to Saundra et al. (2003), the term method in the entire research process or project can be considered as tool or technique which help researcher obtain, collect and analyze data or different types of information. To be more specific, Saundra et al. (2003) point out that in order to fulfill different research projects and objectives, couples of methods have to be properly utilized, in this caseRead MoreResearch Methods1611 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Assignment in Research Methods 1) Overview of various research methods When writing a Research Paper it is important to know different research methods. These methods help to gather and systemize the information and data in order to scientifically prove the validity of the work. Further will be explained ways how to collect the data. Research methods are divided in two big blocks: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative methods are those where results are explained in numbers, whereasRead MoreQualitative Research On Research Methods Essay839 Words   |  4 PagesThis type of research methods involve describing in detail specific situation using research tools like interviews, surveys, and Observations. Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into theRead MoreResearch Methods And Methods Of Interdisciplinary Research Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesof analysis there are three ways in which to think and feel while doing interdisciplinary research. The first is that the knowledge we use that has been previo usly published was done by hard working researchers using sound research methods. Secondly we should acknowledge that not all information is current and we might find research that has been biased in some way. On the other hand, there may be research that is cutting edge and therefore has not been tested sufficiently and may be controversialRead MoreMethods And Methods Of Qualitative Research1057 Words   |  5 PagesMethod Approach Qualitative research is normally recognizable via the use of methods that include, in-depth interviews and group moderation techniques; a particular objective to answer is â€Å"why?† and â€Å"how?† (Bailey, 2014). One of the great benefits of the qualitative research method is that it offers a wide range of approaches that can be used to capture data. In order to ensure credibility, two approaches will be used to conduct this research. The ethnographic approach will be used to understandRead MoreResearch Methodology For Research Methods Essay2303 Words   |  10 PagesSurvey research methods are one of the most widely used research methods in education. This non-experimental, quantitative research design is most often used to gather information about the subject’s attitude, beliefs, opinions, or similar types of information (McMillian Schumacher, 2010). With this method, the researcher selects a sample of subjects and either administers a questionnaire or con ducts interviews to collect data from the subjects. There are several benefits to using surveys in educationalRead More Research Methods1483 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyze of research in averagely can be accounted as an aim for understanding or a systematic study in search of information to shape or accept achievable facts. There are two mainly different ways of research. First, there is the basic research that appears not to go into the study field and the second, way is the applied research that studies given area into the aspect. It applies to resolve, understand and advance the methods and systems that are used in the search for human understanding of abnormalRead MoreEssay on Research Methods1060 Words   |  5 Pages(Zikmund, 2003) states that exploratory research should be used to clarify ambiguous problems. Management may have discovered general problems but research is needed to gain better understanding of the dimensions of the problems. This study aims at exploring and delving into the underlying factors of why organisations struggle to attract and retain talent using the employer brand. The challenges of talent management are well known and are applicable to all players, there is a possibility that

The United States Relations with the Middle East - 2681 Words

The United States was heavily involved in Middle-Eastern affairs during the latter half of the twentieth century. Following the election of President Eisenhower in 1952, the U.S.’s growing fear of Iranian nationalism and the potential spread of communism throughout the Persian Gulf ultimately coaxed U.S. forces into helping the British’ MI6 oust the Iranian Prime Minister, Mohammad Mossadegh, from power. The CIA successfully overthrew Mossadegh and created a power vacuum in the Middle East, in 1953, through Operation Ajax. The U.S. then informally colonized Iran, under Shah Pahlavi’s rule, in order to possess economic and political hegemony over the volatile Persian Gulf. The U.S. effectively transformed the Shah into an autocratic ruler†¦show more content†¦In addition, the Shah’s decision to cede Persian land of great historic and monetary value, to Americans, further intensified Iranians’ xenophobic sentiments. Despite opposition from t he Iranian citizens, the U.S.’s economic dominance over Iran led to the invasion of American culture in Tehran and other major Iranian cities: newly constructed theatres played American films, large neon signs advertising companies such as Pepsi and Coca-Cola were commonly seen in city skylines, and clothing stores with bikinis and other American clothes were commonplace in city boulevards. Many Iranians perceived Americans’ obnoxious showcasing of western culture to be a sign of arrogance and racial superiority. More importantly, they viewed Americans’ culture to be a corrupting force on traditional Iranian life. The Iranian commissary, consisting of a large portion of Americans, imported vast amounts of liquor, cigarettes and cola. The importation of alcohol particularly outraged Iranian Muslims, for Islamic law succinctly proscribed becoming intoxicated. Additionally, in 1970, an American aircraft lifted seventy-nine tons of processed cat and dog food to Teh ran. An impoverished Iranian sardonically claimed, â€Å"the American’s dogs eat better than the average Iranian.† This airlift exemplified the notion that the Shah was more concerned about accommodating his American â€Å"friends† than meeting the dire needs of the Iranian people. The CIA helped establish Pahlavi’sShow MoreRelatedRelations Between The United States And The Middle East2161 Words   |  9 PagesThe relations between the United States and the Middle East has been intricate. Even though there is quite a physical distance between the United States and the Middle East, the United States’ influence spread within this region. Throughout the 20th and 21st century, the Middle East’s relations with other countries, strategic interests, and military standings have provoked U.S. involvement. These interventions have ranged from diplomatic actions to more drastic physical military involvement. TheRead MoreIr The United States And The Second And Second Order Effects1096 Words   |  5 PagesIran has an elected president, Hassan Rouhani, the supreme leader/ayatollah controls the military, state broadcasting services and the judicial sector. The Islamic Republic of Iran, previously known as Persia, first established diplomatic ties with the United States in 1883. Many people do not understand the importance, significance, and/or second and third order effects of U.S.-Iranian relations, although important. As mentioned in an article by Akhilesh Pillalamarri, â€Å"Iran is uniquely poisedRead MoreEssay On Civil War In The Middle East1567 Words   |  7 PagesMany people have died for the United States. They died for freedom, liberty, and justice. Most American soldiers who died in the past 15 years, died in the Middle East. To reduce the death toll the United States should not involve themselves in the Middle East for three reasons. First, the United States risks the lives of soldiers and civilians in the Midd le East. Moreover, the United States can be targeted by terrorists from the Middle East. In addition, the United States do not have very strong relationshipsRead MoreHistory Of The Middle East1535 Words   |  7 Pages The United States first became involved with the Middle East during World War II. In the 50 years that followed, tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union tightened over political and economic aspirations in the Middle East. Eventually, most of the countries in the Middle East adopted a new idea of government that was based off of extreme Islamic views. When this happened, the United States’ involvement with the Middle East lessened, but they stayed present as they were a prime sourceRead MoreU.s. Relations With Arab Nations Essay1554 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction U.S. relations with countries in the Middle East remain to be a point of great interest due to the geopolitical atmosphere and security. The vast number of resources both in the Middle East and the United States provide a point of common ground to build peaceful relations through trade. International trade is an extremely important tool within the global community as it helps to build relations. In order to aid in building trust with Arab Nations, the United States must rely on moreRead MoreSyrian Civil War Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Middle East. The United States should not be involved in the Middle East for three reasons. The United States are risking the lives of soldiers and civilians in the Middle East. The United States can be targeted by terrorists from the Middle East. The United States does not have very strong relationships in the Middle East. Most conflicts in the Middle East have caused the United States to intervene. This puts many U.S. soldiers and Middle Eastern civilians in danger. In the Middle East thereRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article The Obama Doctrine 1340 Words   |  6 Pagesproblems in the Middle East. In the article Obama outlined two tactics that he has been actively using, throughout his presidency, to shift American resources and focus away from the Middle East. In this paper I will address how two policies have successfully pulled America away from the Middle East and how a key assumption by Obama will ultimately save the United States years of worry. President Obama has continually endorsed that America should not over involve themselves in the Middle East. This isRead MoreForeign Policy And The Middle East Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States has let loose a beast in the middle east that it can no longer control. Stephen Walt, writer for Foreign Policy magazine, takes a critical look at U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East and presents a state level analysis on why he believes American efforts in the region have amounted to a complete failure. Looking through a realists’ eyes, he makes a sober and forceful argument that attempts to explain his reasoning for the U.S. foreign policy breakdown in the Middle East. WaltRead MoreAmerica s Strategic Thinkers Who Think Asia Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagesopinion that â€Å"the US’s strategic thinkers who think Asia is more important than the Middle East, are said to be not understanding the situation of the States in today’s international context, a nd the affections onto its interests. Considering the importance of the Middle East to Asia will be the focus of this paper, in which the writer agreed with the assumption. Moreover, there will be reasons why the Middle East is ‘still’ more important than Asia, along with comparison for each. And by the endRead MoreThe Aftermath Of World War II1562 Words   |  7 Pagesoften referred to as one of the primary creators of deep rooted turmoil in the Middle East region, the effects of the Cold War and the United States often over-zealous battle against communism is just as much a contributor if not more. The Arab world and the Middle East region were clearly going through quite an extraordinary period throughout World War II and its conclusion, primarily with the creation of most of the states we recognize today and struggling with the continuation of colonialism. These

Pharmaceutical Medicine

Question: Describe about the Pharmaceutical Medicine? Answer: Introduction: The medicine is required for treating any patients suffering from illness and improving their health quality. The medicines are developed after thorough research by the physician or others with a view that medicines can be circulated to large areas and people can avail it for better health structure. This is a methodology to find out a solution of an illness by inventing new chemical moiety. Drug is a chemical substance which exert effects when binds with the receptor. Medicine is a chemical substance which binds with receptors and relieved humans from there changing physico-chemical conditions. The particular study will be focusing on having clear understanding of pharmaceutical medicine and its aims. Further, the study will concentrate on drug discovery process. Pharmaceutical Medicine Pharmaceutical medicine is regarded as a medical scientific discipline which is involved in the discovery, development, evaluation and registration of medicines. On the other hand, it is also concerned with the monitoring and medical facets of marketing of drugs and medicine for the improvement in the health of patients or community health. Moreover, development of a new medicine and making the medicines available for the patients or public is an international endeavour. Further, it has been discussed that careers in the field of pharmaceutical medicine comprises three major groups of professionals such as: The people that are working in pharmaceutical industries People that are working in independent research organisations and are dedicated towards the development of new drugs or medicines. The people that has an appointments within the regulatory agencies of medicine. Aim of Pharmaceutical Medicine Improving the health condition of the people is prime duty of the medical professionals or physician. Therefore, the major aim of the Pharmaceutical Medicine is to discover, develop, evaluate, analyse and monitor so that effective medicine can be developed and supplied to the people. Integrated Drug Discovery and Development Integrated Drug Discovery and Development is a broad spectrum which concentrates on effective medicine development so that health status of the people can be enhanced and the developed medicine can target the specific disease and eliminate it. Therefore, drug discovery and development requires thorough research and study so that the medicines can provide long term benefit. Thus, the following requirements are needed for integrated drug discovery and development: Critical Chemical or structural research comprises exploration of genetic basis of syndrome or microstructure of an enzyme site or a receptor. Moreover, it is concerned in the development of tailored molecules so that potential therapeutic outcomes or specific interactions can be provided. Further, the research and development of preclinical engaged in studying the causes behind the diseases and also the value of the new therapeutic agents and potential safety by implementing biological system involving animal model. In the next part, humans are used for the purpose of clinical development. Therefore, in such case both type of humans are involved a healthy one and a person having disease in order to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of new drug. On the other hand, the regulatory and societal development makes sure that whole development of the new drug matches with the need in order to meet with the requirements of government. Moreover, the development ensures that suitable value added elements over and above the normal figure of safety and effectives are incorporated into the database of the product. The elements can comprise cost benefit, life quality, relative competitive positioning and evidence based medicine. Lastly, the approval of post market medical affairs include the promotion of every product by adopting functions of marketing and sales and effective monitoring of process by pharmaceutical physicians. Methods of Drug Development: The total Drug Development Process is divided into some phases stated below. Target Selection This is a process where the ailment has been identified and then a replica has been developed. Investigator first chooses a target which may be a particular enzyme or a receptor or an ion channel which is suitable to treat the disease. Target Validation In this phase the importance of the new moiety has been established for that particular illness. Lead Selection This is a stage where the thousand of chemical moieties are undergoes High Throughput Screening (HTS). From thousand of options the best receptor specific molecules are selected. HTS is a 40 years old lead selection instrument. Its having highly assessment power which easily judged the binding and non binding capacity of a lead. Ultimately the leads have been sorted out and they are known as Hits. HTS helps to estimate the chemical, biological and physical properties of the Hits. Drug Optimization Hits are chemically customized and the best suitable options are then pharmacologically distinguished. This helps to find the chemical moiety with appropriate pharmacodynamic as well as pharmacokinetic property. Pre Clinical testing This is an assay procedure where biochemicals as well as pharmacological parameters are checked. Both in vitro (outside the living being) and in vivo (Inside the living being) methods are used to assay the leads and which will leads to find out the proper chemical moiety. Toxic effects and adverse drug reaction is also measured in this phase because this is the last phase of a drug development before trying in human beings. Clinical Trials This is a phase where the drugs are given to the human beings and measure the safety and efficacy profile of the newer drugs. Evaluation of the potentiality of the newer drug in humans has been made through clinical trials. The total procedure has been conducted in 4 phases and now another phase (Phase 0) has been added. Every phase has their own significance and own outcomes. Depending upon the outcomes of the phases a drug or medicine has been approved by FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Phases of Clinical Trials: There are mainly 4 phases and now a days another phase has been added. The Phases are respectively Phase 0, Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3 and Phase 4. In Phase 0, subjects should be 10 to 15 and a single sub healing micro dosing has been given to the subjects to gather preliminary ADME data. Phase 1 is a preliminary pharmacological activity screening phase where 70% drugs get approval to go to the next stage. Number of subjects taken are 20 to 80 with a 3 to 6 months duration. Phase 2 is the starting phase to check efficiency of the molecule with therapeutic dose reaction factors. 100 to 300 Patients are taken and the duration of the phase is up to 1 year. Phase 3 this is the final phase of a drug before pharmaceutical marketing and this is the phase where adverse drug effects has been checked and monitored also compare with current remedies and all the documents has been submitted to FDA for approval. Only 20% to 25% drugs are approved for phase 4 trial. The s ubjects needed for phase 3 is 1000 to 5000and the duration is for 1 to 5 years. Phase 4 is a post promotion phase where the effectiveness and ADR in general population has been observed and any kind of serious ADR leads to Drug Withdrawal from the market. Core works of Clinical Trials: The main works of this trials are engage individual subjects and creates a organize group to conduct studies. Maintain the time is very important with proper monitoring on side effects of the chemical entity. Evaluation of the technical data is very important. Also the preparation of documents based on the guidelines of ethical committee is very important for approval. Conclusion of the Study: From the whole study, it can be concluded that the study revolved around the pharmaceutical medicine. The pharmaceutical medicine has been explained and its purpose has been mentioned which is useful in developing a new drugs or medicine. Therefore, it helps in providing large benefit to the patients or to the public health. Furthermore, the integrated drug discovery and development has been outlined which explains the different required which needed for drug or medicine development. This is the study which helps to conclude that the newer chemical entity is ethically sounded and this will help humans to get rid of from a disease. References 1. Mumper R, Smith C, O'Donnell J. The Process of New Drug Discovery and Development, 2nd Edition. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2008;34(11):1267-1267.2. Physico-Chemical Methods in Drug Discovery and Development. Chemistry International -- Newsmagazine for IUPAC. 2012;34(3).3. Lin B, Pease J. A Novel Method for High Throughput Lipophilicity Determination by Microscale Shake Flask and Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Combinatorial Chemistry High Throughput Screening. 2013;16(10):817-825.4. Developing new drugs. Veterinary Record. 2014;174(20):488-488.5. Scheele. AMT: Preclinical pharmacology studies. International Journal of Oncology. 2009;.6. Chakraborty S, Yadav L, Aggarwal D. Prediction of in vivo drug performance using in vitro dissolution coupled with STELLA: a study with selected drug products. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 2014;:1-7.7. Sedgwick P. Phases of clinical trials. BMJ. 2011;343(sep28 1):d6068-d6068.8. Williamson P, Altman D, Bl azeby J, Clarke M, Devane D, Gargon E et al. Developing core outcome sets for clinical trials: issues to consider. Trials. 2012;13(1):132.9. RASMUSSEN L, GISVOLD S, WISBORG T. Ethics Committee approval for observational studies. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. 2014;58(9):1047-1048.